西瓜(Watermelon)，學名是Citrullus lanatus，也有學名稱為Citrullus vulgaris，是葫蘆科一種原產於非洲植物或其果實。西瓜是一種有花植物，形狀像藤蔓，葉子呈羽毛狀。它所結出的果實是假果，且屬於植物學家稱為假漿果的一類。果實外皮光滑，呈綠色或黃色有花紋，果瓤多汁為紅色或黃色。西瓜的產量十分豐富，差不多每一株藤就可以結出達100個果實。


西瓜葉近鏡西瓜可分為野生或種植的。野生的西瓜稱為野生西瓜種質（學名：Citrullus lanatus var. citroides），而種植的西瓜則稱為栽培西瓜品系（學名：Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus）。

首位跨越非洲的西方人大衛·利文斯頓指野生西瓜在非洲西南部的喀拉哈里沙漠非常豐富，當地人稱為Tsamma西瓜，是他們主要的水源及食糧。

現時很難知道種植西瓜是由何時開始，而自有紀錄以來，第一次記有西瓜收成的要在5000年前的古埃及。西瓜果實經常被放在法老的陵墓，作為來世享用。事實上，在埃及神話中，他們相信西瓜是由賽特的精液所產出。

直至公元10世紀，中國開始有種植西瓜的記載，陶弘景在《本草經集注》時，曾述「永嘉有寒瓜甚大，可藏至春者。」李時珍相信這就是西瓜。現時中國已成為世界上最大生產西瓜的國家。

於13世紀，摩爾人入侵歐洲，並同時將西瓜帶入。於1615年，西瓜這個字才在英文字典上首次出現。於1500年代，西瓜才被引進至北美洲的印第安人。早期的法國探險家發現原住民在密西西比河種植西瓜，直至1629年，西瓜才被引入麻薩諸塞州。而非洲的黑人奴隸及歐洲殖民亦有協助於將西瓜帶往世界各地。

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Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai, family Cucurbitaceae) refers to both fruit and plant of a vine-like (climber and trailer) herb originally from southern Africa and one of the most common types of melon. This flowering plant produces a special type of fruit known by botanists as a pepo, which has a thick rind (exocarp) and fleshy center (mesocarp and endocarp); pepos are derived from an inferior ovary and are characteristic of the Cucurbitaceae. The watermelon fruit, loosely considered a type of melon (although not in the genus Cucumis), has a smooth exterior rind (green and yellow) and a juicy, sweet, usually red or yellow, but sometimes orange, interior flesh. The flesh consists of highly developed placental tissue within the fruit. The former name Citrullus vulgaris (vulgaris meaning "common" — Shosteck, 1974), is now a synonym of the accepted scientific name for watermelon, Citrullus lanatus


History
David Livingstone, an explorer of Africa, described watermelon as abundant in the Kalahari Desert, where it is believed to have originated. There, the ancestral melon grows wild and is known as the Tsamma melon (Citrullus lanatus var citroides).[citation needed] It is recognizable by its pinnatifid leaves and prolific fruit, up to 100 melons on a single vine[citation needed]. For this reason it is a popular source of water in the diet of the indigenous people. The flesh is similar to the rind of a watermelon and is often known as citron melon (distinct from the actual citron, of the citrus family); it is used for making pickles, and because of its high content of pectin is popular as a constituent of jams, jellies, and other gelled preserves. It has established itself in the wild in Baja California.


Triangular Watermelon slicesIt is not known when the plant was first cultivated, but Zohary and Hopf note evidence of its cultivation in the Nile Valley from at least as early as the second millennium BC. Finds of the characteristically large seed are reported in Twelfth dynasty sites; numerous watermelon seeds were recovered from the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.[1]

By the 10th century AD, watermelons were being cultivated in China, which is today the world's single largest watermelon producer. By the 13th century, Moorish invaders had introduced the fruit to Europe; and, according to John Mariani's The Dictionary of American Food and Drink, "watermelon" made its first appearance in an English dictionary in 1615.

Museums Online South Africa list watermelons as having been introduced to North American Indians in the 1500s. Early French explorers found Native Americans cultivating the fruit in the Mississippi Valley. Many sources list the watermelon as being introduced in Massachusetts as early as 1629. Southern food historian John Egerton has said he believes African slaves helped introduce the watermelon to the United States. Texas Agricultural Extension horticulturalist Jerry Parsons, Ph.D., lists African slaves and European colonists as having distributed watermelons to many areas of the world. Parsons also mentions the crop being farmed by Native Americans in Florida (by 1664) and the Colorado River area (by 1799). Other early watermelon sightings include the Midwestern states (1673), Connecticut (1747), and the Illiana region (1822).


small seedless watermelonUntil the 1940s, however, it was hard to find watermelons in good condition at grocery stores. Melon lovers had to grow their own, which tended not to keep for long, purchase them from local grocers supplied by truck farmers, or purchase them from roadside produce stands. Now they can be found in most local grocery stores, and if preferred in slices or whole, with seeds or without.

Then Charles Fredric Andrus, a horticulturist at the USDA Vegetable Breeding Laboratory in Charleston, South Carolina, set out to produce a disease-resistant and wilt-resistant watermelon. The result was "that gray melon from Charleston." Its oblong shape and hard rind made it easy to stack and ship. Its adaptability meant it could be grown over a wide geographical area. It produced high yields and was resistant to the most serious watermelon diseases: anthracnose and fusarium wilt. Today, farmers in approximately 44 states in the U.S. grow watermelon commercially, and almost all these varieties have some Charleston Gray in their lineage. Georgia, Florida, Texas, California and Arizona are the USA's largest watermelon producers.

This now-common watermelon is large enough that groceries often sell half or quarter melons. There are also some smaller, spherical varieties of watermelon, both red- and yellow-fleshed, sometimes called "icebox melons."


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelon

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